Case Analysis Madison Lee - 1385 Words

Hypothetical case Note: Any characters, situations, or places in the following case study are fictional and have been created for the purpose of this assignment. Madison Lee is a 29 year old Caucasian female. She earned her Master’s degree in Taxation from a highly competitive program and became licensed as a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). She has worked at Boone Mason for three years, a progressive regional CPA/Business Consulting firm, as senior CPA. Madison established excellent rapport with the partners and her clients. Her supervision mentioned if she keeps up her portfolio and continues to provide excellent service, Madison has the potential to become a partner with the company. At the beginning of September 2013, Madison was admitted to Fylann Cross Hospital for suicidal ideation. Her estranged boyfriend, John, reported finding Madison cutting her left wrist with a kitchen knife; he was able to prevent her from slicing into her right wrist. This is the second hospitalization for Madison; she has a history of suicidal ideation but failed to cut into her skin the first attempt. Madison grew up in the shadow of her older brother, Clark Lee, who is a doctor at the country’s top hospital. Her parents had high expectations of their daughter from their son’s achievements and successes. There is an eight year gap between Madison and Clark. Madison feels she has been trying to please her family and make them proud of her accomplishments. Throughout her education, sheShow MoreRelatedMusic Therapy Should Be Conjunctive Treatment for Dementia Patients1967 Words   |  8 Pagesunachievable by other interventions. Music therapy is deï ¬ ned as â€Å"controlled use of music and its inï ¬â€šuence on the human being to aid in physiological, psychological and emotional integration of individual during treatment of an illness or disability† (Sung, Lee, Chang Smith, 2011). 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Chicken Pox and its Vaccine Free Essays

1. Do you agree that the chickenpox vaccine not receive top priority? If so, what disease would you like to see get more funding? If not, why? Yes, I agree that the chickenpox vaccine should not receive top priority, but still be funded. However, I would prioritize funding intensive research on diseases that have no known vaccine such as SARS. We will write a custom essay sample on Chicken Pox and its Vaccine or any similar topic only for you Order Now The devastation it has caused should serve as a warning to us that there are still more unknown, yet threatening diseases out there. 2. Do you know of anyone who may have died due t complications from the chickenpox virus? No. I do not know anyone who have died due to complications of the chickenpox virus. 3. Is there any hard evidence that you could find to get me to reconsider my decision to `kill` the funding for chickenpox vaccine? Funding for the chickenpox vaccine should not be completely stopped as it can cause   other complications including, encephalitis, pneumonia, arthritis, Reye’s syndrome and in rare cases, meningitis (Fackler and Golonka, 2006), which should not be taken lightly. 4. What other vaccines (if any) may be used to help prevent chickenpox? There is no other known vaccine for chickenpox other than Varivax, however, one effective way to prevent it is to avoid people who currently have the disease. 5. If funding for the chickenpox vaccine is pulled, do you think there would be a higher incidence of Shingles among older adults? No, because based on studies, the occurrence for Shingles among adults is only 15% and there is a separate vaccine for it (Curtis and Rea, 2007). Malaria and Its Vaccine 1. Should drug and vaccine research be done if financial gain is not probable? Yes. Research for vaccines should still be done because lives are at stake. I believe that if researches talk to the right people and make them aware of the potential threat of a certain virus or disease, they should be able to get the funds they needed to develop a vaccine. 2. If so, who should pay for this research? The government should provide initial funding for researches such as this one. However, millionaires, such as actors all around the world, most of whom have strongly supported health-related campaigns such as the AIDS awareness, should also give their share in funding for researches on vaccines. 3. Should the United States and other developed countries provide grants for research if their citizens will not benefit? Yes. I believe that first world countries, such as the United States, should fund researches for vaccines even if it will not benefit their citizens because it will still benefit others. Besides, these developed countries would never know when a certain disease would break out in their own countries and the vaccine that they helped fund is actually the cure. 4. It all boils down to the question. . . Is health a right or a privilege? Health is a right. It goes beyond money or social status. One of the government’s crucial roles is to ensure that laws, which benefit even the poor, are passed and implemented effectively. SARS and its Vaccine 1. Do you agree/disagree that since there is currently a clinical trial vaccine for SARS that it should be a priority for funding, which can lead to further testing and approval for a safe vaccine? Explain. Yes. I agree that funding for a SARS vaccine should be prioritized. I believe that while there is no proven vaccine that could effectively prevent or treat the virus, every country is at risk. Therefore, every country should contribute whatever they can to be able to create a SARS vaccine. 2. Are there any negative side effects in the clinical trial of the inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine? If so, what are they? Explain? According to a report of the Vaccine Research Center in the US, so far, the trial vaccine has no serious side effects. Based on report, ten healthy individuals, aged 18-50 years old, who were administered with the trial vaccine, tolerated it pretty well (Vaccine Research Center). 3. Do you believe that there will be another SARS outbreak in the near future? Explain? Yes. As long as there is not vaccine to cure SARS, there will always be a risk of future outbreaks. However, I also believe that if ever there will future outbreaks of SARS, it would be evolved or higher forms of the virus. There is a high possibility that this could happen since another virus, the Avian flu or Bird flu, is believed to be an evolved form of a previous virus. How to cite Chicken Pox and its Vaccine, Papers

Global Business Environment Has Continued †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How to the Global Business Environment Has Continued? Answer: Introduction It is from such an understanding that this reports aims at providing an environmental analysis of the Blackmores Company limited which is an Australian leading health product manufacturers (Popa 2015, p. 9). The analysis will cover both the internal and external operating environments of the company and factors from both environments which may hinder the growth and development of the company. It will also provide an internal analysis of the company management and assess its quality and contribution to the growth of the company as well as analyze the performance outlook of the company through the relevant data and graphical analysis. Internal analysis Blackmores company limited as described from above introduction is an Australian based health product manufacturer which is engaged in the development, sales my marketing of health products for both animals and human consumption. The market coverage of the company extends up to 17 countries globally with majority been the Asian countries. The company offers over 250 health products including vitamins, minerals, herbal and nutritional supplements. It, therefore, works with a group of other subsidiary companies for effective service delivery across the nations including; the Bioceutical Company, the Pure Animal wellbeing Company, the Blackmores institute, the Blackmores Asia Company, the Fusion health as well as the Before companies (Heuvel 2017, p. 89). The company has received an award for the most trusted brand for vitamins and supplements in Australia in 2016 for its eighth consecutive year. The company has enjoyed a sustainable growth under the leadership of Mr. Marcus Blackmore who has served as the executive chairman of the Board of Blackmore limited since 1973. He is an experienced and transformational leader who holds an honorary doctorate of Economic development of Australia. He is an alumnus of Harvard business school and also served as an honorary fellow of the Heart Research Institute. It is absolutely correct to say that the growth of this company has not only been engineered by Mr. Marcus Blackmore but also greatly by Christine Holgate, she is the chief executive officer and managing director as well as the executive director of the company since 2008. She is such a transformational leader in the global business sector with over 30 years of experience in various international leadership roles across various sectors such as the health care, telecommunication as well as the finance sectors which are known to be the most regulated industries. She possesses three post graduate diplomas as well as a masters degree in business administration. She has received a number of international recognitions and rewards in the business world due to her relentless efforts and performance delivery across different firms. In the year 2015, Popa (2015) denotes that the company received a recognition as she was in the top 100 most influential women in Australia as well as been named the CEO of the year by the CEO Magazine and becoming the first female to win such an award. Christine Holgate was named as the most performing CEO by the Daily Telegraph as well as receiving the Australian Growth Company Award for women in leadership. Such quality in their management team including other qualified and experienced directors have all worked together to the growth and development of the company. Resources endowment and capabilities Due to the increasing human needs and demand for health products, the company has continued to increase its market coverage by conducting research on new markets across the globe. Tanase (2016) points out that one of their emerging and established markets its the China market which has been brought about by the increasing population in the country and lack of quality medical resources and health supplements. Through their wide coverage, the company has mobilized enough resources in a bid to meet the demands of its clients in the 17 countries. There are also increased capabilities and opportunities for more expansion as seen from their 2016 financial revenue report released by the Thomsons Reuters, the world largest international multimedia news agency. In their report, the company recorded a 52% increase in its revenue from ordinary activities which amounted to $ 717.2 million and a net profit after tax of $ 100 million and the companys dividend share was at 210 cents per security. The business environments Businesses do not operate in vacuums; they usually operate in an environment (Tanase 2015, p. 6). Therefore, business environment may be described as all the internal and external factors which may affect the general performance of the company. The internal business environment comprises all factors within the company which may impact or affect the success of the company. The management of the company in the most case has control over such internal factors as managing the strength of internal operations is very significant to the business success (Popa 2015, p. 9). It comprises of the management attitude and valuing of employees in the company and the effectiveness of communication within the company. Employees are usually a key asset to the company and their strength is a very vital business factor. Companies, where employees are highly motivated, are more productive than in companies where they are not. Motivation encourages hardworking and use of individual talents to enhance the performance and productivity of the people. According to Endrikat (2013) the most common internal factors affecting the performance of the companies include; organizational and operational factors such as poor record keeping, lack of quality in supply chain and existence or use of an outdated IT system which greatly affects the clients and customers reliability as well as loss of important business information. There are also other risks associated with the strategic management which affects the firms ability to achieve its objectives as outlined in the company business plan (Gilroy 2014, p. 38). A company may also adversely suffer from its inability to integrate innovation hence increasing competition from its customers. Financial stability of the company is also important as it enhances smooth running of the company operations and lastly the employee risks which may result from industrial actions. It is therefore required that the management of the company should take care of these issues before they happen. SWOT analysis ha s been employed by many managers in addressing the challenges of internal environmental factors affecting business performance (Kor et al. 2013, p. 2092). SWOT analysis addresses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company. The strengths and weaknesses are always internal mechanisms while the opportunities and threats are strategic tools for external environment. The external environments, in this case, refer to the factors outside the company which may affect the performance of Blackmores company limited (Elgammal et al. 2017). Most business directors and managers employ the use of PESTEL analysis as a strategic technique to address the external factors affecting the company either in a direct way and indirect ways. The name PESTEL is an acronym with each letter representing a certain factor. The analysis involves the understanding of political factors affecting the performance of the business (Subramanian, 2012, p. 195). Such political factors include; Flammer (2017) denotes that the government policies such as the imposition of tariffs and taxes, the stability of the government as well as the regulation of entry into the business and to new ventures. If these factors bear a negative effect then they may reduce the performance of the company. In this case, the policies may be formulated in Australia or in any of the 17 countries the company operates. Whichever the country, the effects may be felt by the company. The second factor is the Economic factors, which determine the general performances of firms and companies in the market. When the market suffers from high inflation rates and interest rates the company suffers as the consumers change their consumption behaviors and preferences and may shift to consumption of substitute goods and hence affect the sales and profit margins of the company. Social factors: also affect the performance of businesses as people always have different attitudes or mindsets towards certain products which may either positively or negatively influence the business (Hendley 2012, p. 3). Such factors may involve some cultural implications to the people of the society. The product should not contradict the values or perceptions of the society and the peoples social lifestyles. If a product is widely acceptable in the society it will grow its market widely as compared to a product that is rejected in the society. Domestic structures, educational levels as well as the distribution of wealth among the population also affect the performance of any business. Technological and legal factors: According to Ellis (2014), these factors affect the companys performance in a great way. The analysis of technological advancements helps the company to stay up to date and therefore the company should integrate the appropriate technology and promote the growth of innovations by the talented employees. Legal factors on the other side refer to legislative changes which may affect the business environment. The laws set by regulatory authorities of any country affect the growth and performance of business (Lake et al. 2015, p. 9). The laws may be imposed in regard to regulate the product productions, enhance competition or regulate competition and emphasis on the safety and health conditions of the products. Lastly, there are also environmental factors and the company management and directors should ensure that the location and climatic conditions of their business environments favor the growth of the business as well as its development. Such conditions affect consumer attitudes, behavior and reactions. Conclusion From the above market data of, we can deduct the following relating to the Blackmores company performance and general outlook. The data above shows a relative increase in the company performance as compared to the last years performance as the company seems to trade at a relatively higher price index ratio of 11:15 as compared to those of its peers and competitors trading at 1:20. Hence the company outperforms its competitors as it has a relatively higher operating performance indicated by very high-profit margins. There is also a significant increase in the revenues as well as the company earnings. The pretax margins of the company are also relatively higher which shows a tight control on the companys operating activities as compared to those of its competitors. And lastly, the increased levels of company capital investments indicate the stability of the company and its ability to support the future growth of the company. References Elgammal, A, Turetken, O, Heuvel, W, Papazoglou, M 2016, 'Formalizing and appling compliance patterns for business process compliance', Software Systems Modeling, 15, 1, pp. 119-146, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Ellis, J 2014, 'Blackmore joins BPIF Business', Printing World, 287, 11, p. 16, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Endrikat, Jj 2016, 'Market Reactions to Corporate Environmental Performance Related Events: A Meta-analytic Consolidation of the Empirical Evidence', Journal Of Business Ethics, 138, 3, pp. 535-548, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Flammer, C 2013, 'Corporate Social Responsibility And Shareholder Reaction: The Environmental Awareness Of Investors', Academy Of Management Journal, 56, 3, pp. 758-781, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Gilroy, A 2014, 'Blackmore Debuts "Extreme" Car Amp', TWICE: This Week In Consumer Electronics, 19, 15, p. 38, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Hendley, N 2012, 'Sharpe Blackmore tops quiet quarter', Marketing Magazine, 107, 28, p. 3, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Heuvel, W 2017, What's Growing On: in PASSINGS', American Nurseryman, June, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Koh, S, Genovese, A, Acquaye, A, Barratt, P, Rana, N, Kuylenstierna, J, Gibbs, D 2013, 'Decarbonising product supply chains: design and development of an integrated evidence-based decision support system the supply chain environmental analysis tool (SCEnAT)', International Journal Of Production Research, 51, 7, pp. 2092-2109, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Lake, A, Acquaye, A, Genovese, A, Kumar, N, Koh, S 2015, 'An application of hybrid life cycle assessment as a decision support framework for green supply chains', International Journal Of Production Research, 53, 21, pp. 6495-6521, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Popa, D 2015, Blackmore set for full JDF with Stahl buy, Printing World, 290, 7, p. 9, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Subramanian, A 2012, 'Acquired Vocation', Business Today, 21, 22, p. 195, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Tanase, D 2016, 'Romanian media in the light of Media Sustainability Index - a comparative analysis', Romanian Journal Of Journalism Communication / Revista Romana De Jurnalism Si Comunicare- RRJC, 11, 2/3, pp. 5-14, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017. Yawar, S, Seuring, S 2017, 'Management of Social Issues in Supply Chains: A Literature Review Exploring Social Issues, Actions and Performance Outcomes', Journal Of Business Ethics, 141, 3, pp. 621-643, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 15 May 2017.

Writing free essay sample

The happiest moment in my life actually occurred quite recently. It all began in junior year, where I had the greatest English teacher imaginable- fun, smart, and engaging. Mrs. Jerabeks class was so comfortable, I didnt even think I was learning. Thats when I realized exactly how much I had learned: more than any other class before. This was a class I would never forget. Throughout the year, we were given writing assignments exploring the various forms of creative writing. Everything I wrote was near and dear to my heart, something that had never happened before. Somehow I channeled deep emotion into my writing. One in particular continually brings me to tears: a poem entitled, 1915 Never Again. It describes the Armenian Genocides effect on the existence of our people; however, nowhere did I mention the word Armenia. In our writing groups, my classmate remarked, Are you talking about World War One? It sounds just like it. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Suddenly, my simple poem had transformed into a voice for every war, every genocide, every tragedy throughout history. This past summer I applied for numerous scholarships, including a poem contest from the Live Poets Society of New Jersey. I decided to submit my only poem in the Of Faith and Inspiration category. Having been busy applying to others, I didnt think much of it. To my surprise, as I checked my e-mail one day, I saw a message from the LPSNJ: CONGRATULATIONS! It is our extreme pleasure to inform you that our judges have selected your poem for publication as a Topical Winner in American High School Poets, Of Faith and Inspiration, 2011. I had to read it twice before I broke the news to my parents. I couldnt believe it. My poem was going to be published in an anthology with other young writers worksI was going to be in a book! I then ordered a copy of this glorious publication and informed Mrs. Jerabek of my newfound achievement, who replied with great words of encouragement. The anthology will be published in December and at that time I will be a published poet. I had never before dreamed of this. I knew I was a good writer, but Mrs. Jerabek instilled in me the confidence and creativity to fully believe in my ability. In fact, she even recommended my involvement in Orange County Cappies. And as a result, one of my theater reviews was recently published in the OC Register! I am currently submitting my poem to Armenian publications, such as the Armenian Observer and The Zankag. Only in her class did I ever consider the possibility, nay, the necessity, of writing in my future career. Never before had I felt so accomplished and proud of myself- this was truly my greatest moment!

The Past and Present of Space Travel essays

The Past and Present of Space Travel essays On May 25, 1961, John F. Kennedy delivered one of the most memorable State of the Union addresses in the history of the United States. I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the earth (cs.umb.edu/jfklibrary, President John F. Kennedy's Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs). With those words, Kennedy launched a new era of space exploration in the United States. Although the National Aeronautics And Space Administration was created in 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (hq.nasa.gov, Key Documents), and the Russians already launched the first satellite into space in 1957, the US was still at a stand still on the subject. What the country needed was a wake-up call, and that is exactly what it got from one of the most celebrated speakers in its history. The new era promised much, but expected little. From USAs struggle to be the dominant worl d power in the Cold War Era, to the careless depletion of natural resources in the Information Age, space exploration and astronauts were and will be the real keys to the new millennium and beyond. Before looking into the future, or even evaluating the present, one must look in detail at the history of the space project. The missions that gave scientists and engineers the necessary data and experience to make new, safer, more reliable and intricate equipment were launched long before there was realistic talk of sending probes to Mars. The astronauts that helped shape the training programs, took the beatings of primitive flight tests, and died in order to serve their country were born before World War II. And even the Russian Space Program was crucial to what the space program is today. It fueled competition, and provided more resources for American engineers. Until Apollo 11, they were ahead of the Americans in alm...

Breakfast Club

The five main characters are named Andrew Clark; Brian Johnson; Claire Standish; John Bender; and Allison Reynolds. These characters wrestle with self-acceptance; longs for parental approval; and fight against peer pressure. The objective of these students are to write an essay of no less than one thousand words about who they think they are. This is given to them by their principal/ warden for the day, Richard â€Å"Dick† Vernon, played by Paul Xavier Gleason. He tries to keep them in their separate cliques by telling them to remain quiet and stating that any monkey business is ill-advised. He starts out by saying â€Å"It is now 7:06. You have exactly 8 hours and 54 minutes to think about WHY you are here to ponder the error of your ways. You will not talk you will now move from these seats. † Andrew Clark, played by Emilio Estevez, is an athlete, a jock, and a â€Å"sporto. † He is currently on the high school wrestling team. His dad is always pushing him to do better since he doesn’t want his son to be a loser because that’s not â€Å"acceptable† in his family. Andrew learns to accept the pressure and his wrestling life, although he doesn’t want to be in it. He also learns to accept the fact that taping Larry Lester’s butt cheeks was very wrong and the fact that his dad was okay with it and wanted him to do worse to Larry was also wrong. Brian Johnson, played by Anthony Michael Hall, is a â€Å"brainiac†, a geek, and a â€Å"neo-maxie zoom deebie (a dork). † Brian is always looking for acceptance from the popular crowd and could never get it. He learns the most important thing is to accept himself. His reason for being in detention was he brought a gun to school to attempt suicide. Claire Standish, played by Molly Ringwald, is a princess, a prom queen, and â€Å"miss popularity. She struggles throughout the movie to accept that she is unhappy. She also realizes she is trying to be something she’s not so she would be considered â€Å"popular. † Claire discovers that she is not alone. She learns that everyone needs to mask their feelings to become what people expect them to be and eventually learns to ac cept herself. At home, her mother tries to keep Claire from having fun. John Bender, played by Judd Nelson, is a criminal, a rebel, a punk, and a rebellious bad boy. He starts out as a tough guy who no one really knows well. He shows no respect towards anyone especially teachers and school property. Eventually, he shows acceptance for himself and his classmates and changes his attitude when they share things about themselves. Throughout the movie, he makes fun of Claire but by the end of the movie he shows compassion for her. To show he changed, he stops being rude to Claire and begins to accept everyone else. John becomes more comfortable in his own skin as well as with the other people around him. Allison Reynolds, played by Ally Sheedy, is a basket case, a loner, and a weirdo. She has always felt like an outcast, she is also the most socially isolated and says she has no friends. Throughout the movie, she discovers the unhappiness in her home life is not her fault. At home, Allison is a victim of child neglect from her workaholic parents, and as a result carries a large bag with her to school every day in case she feels like running away. She is the least hesitant to talk openly about her home life and is not afraid of being different. She is also a compulsive liar. She also learns to accept herself and her classmates. Allison claims she is in detention due to the fact she had nothing better to do. I feel I can best identify myself with the character Claire Standish. One thing we have in common is the fact that we believe in relationships where there is one guy and one girl. In the movie, you find out that Claire doesn’t fool around with just any guy and sex isn’t just about physical pleasure for her. Another thing we have in common is the roles our parents play in our lives. Our parents tend to discipline us for the wrong things we do. The third thing we have in common is we both have a sense of security. Because these characters are from different random groups, none of them are from the same background and are all odd. Although they seem different, they find out they are very similar. They learn to overcome their difference and sort of become friends. They leave detention having a sense of who they are and how they want to remain. In the end, Brian wrote the essay stating they know what they did was wrong and they think Mr. Vernon is crazy for making them write an essay telling him who they think they are because he sees them as he wants to see them.

Technical Solutions to Ensure the Building Is Energy Efficient and Research Paper

Technical Solutions to Ensure the Building Is Energy Efficient and Consistent with the Planets Ecosystem - Research Paper Example According to Speigel and Meadows (2012, p 16), most corporations and investors are seeking green solutions and want energy efficient materials to be present in their buildings. This study aims to highlight sustainability and usefulness of such products and their relevance at the end of the corporation. This paper entails the innovative and technical solutions that are necessary to ensure the building is energy efficient and consistent with the planet's ecosystem. Nowadays numerous buildings are expected to accomplish the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) ratings when constructing. Speigel and Meadows (2012, p.58) assert these standards are meant to advance the sustainability goals, diminish energy utilization, and encourage sustainability of the buildings and renewability. Replenishment of Insulation and energy deficiencies in a building can be through the introduction of high-performance windows that are thick and can guarantee diminution loss of warmth during win ter. Moreover, the windows with low E have capabilities of keeping heat either in or out (Simmons 2010, p.62). These windows can be put in the rooms where workers will spend a large proportion of their time. It is essential for the internal thermal conditions to be conducive for the inhabitants to be comfortable. This windows can be initially expensive but eventually, the will be cost saving. This is because an alternative mode will be utilizing electricity to increase the thermal levels of the rooms. In addition, there are solar windows that are transparent but encompass qualities that enable them to absorb the sun’s beam. This is a renewable resource, and it will accumulatively harness energy that is clean and comparably efficient as electricity.

Demand and price elasticity of demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Demand and price elasticity of demand - Essay Example In the case of Bordeaux, the consumers had proposed a low wine price. This implies that reducing the price of the wine will make the commodity be more affordable to the consumers (Sheffrin, B. 2003). This would increase the demand of the product thus increasing its supply. Increase in the supply of Bordeaux wine would increase the number of sales. Price elasticity of a commodities demand involves a measure that is used in economies in showing the elasticity responsiveness of the quantity of the product that is demanded towards a change in the product’s price. In this respect, it provides the percentage change of the quantity of the product that is demanded to follow a response to a change in the price. Price elasticity can be considered to be negative despite the fact that analysis would always ignore the negative sign leading to ambiguity (Peters, K. 2006). A positive price elasticity of demand occurs in a case where the products do not satisfy the law of demand. In this resp ect, the demand of the wine would be said to be inelastic when the price elasticity of demand (PED) is below one. This implies that the price changes have a significantly smaller effect on the amount of wine that is demanded. On the other hand, the demand of Bordeaux wine would be said to be elastic whenever the price elasticity of is more than one. This means that the changes in the commodities price would greatly influence the amount of the wine that is demanded. In the case of Bordeaux wine, the demand of the product could be said to be elastic. This is so because the demand of this wine is strongly affected by changes in price. Therefore, increasing the price of the product would reduce the demand of the product where as reducing the price of the product would have an effect of increasing demand of the product (Knugman, R. 2005). It is for this reason that the merchants who were contacted through The Times argue that they could only accept the wine when the price of the wine is reduced to about ?95 in 2008 for the best brands compared with the ?318 in 2007 vintage (Sage, A. & Pavia, W. 2009). These investors argue out that when the price of wine is higher than the proposed one, there would be no customers. This is a clear indication that the demand of Bordeaux wine was elastic. Part B. The amount of the wine demanded is normally a strong component of its price. A case study done to find out the quantity of the wine demanded at various price levels with all the other factors kept constant, would result into the table 1. Table 1. Demand schedule. year price Average price quantity 2002 95 95 170 133 700 2003 192 192 253 223 500 2004 141 145 190 159 600 2005 472 480 622 523 300 2006 450 450 622 536 200 2007 318 318 466 392 400 Graph 1. The graph represents the quantity of the wine that is demanded as the variable that is Independent (x-axis) and the price as the variable that is dependent (y-axis). According to the law of demand the quantity of the product tha t is demanded will always move towards the opposite price direction. This is observed in the graph above through the downward demand curve slope. When one moves along the curve, a change in the price of the wine would result into a change in the quantity that is demanded. Whenever there exists a change in the influencing factor besides price there could be a shift in the demand curve either towards the right or the left,

The traditional Chinese legal system Essay Example for Free

The traditional Chinese legal system Essay The traditional Chinese legal system has been designed to keep order, rather than to enforce a system of individual rights and equality. (Orts, 2001) The state is protected by reinforcing a social and moral structure that mirrors relationship within family to the relationship of the individual to the state. (Orts, 2001) At the heart of traditional Chinese thought is the idea that everything is dominated by a cosmic universe of which there are three forces: Heaven, Earth and Man. Worship of a Supreme Being is not part of the traditions beliefs, however the political foundation of the state is based on a supernatural order that Heaven’s representative on earth is the Emperor. (Orts, 2001) The Emperor therefore expected his subjects not merely to follow but to worship. The basis for his rule is almighty, but the laws by which he governs have no divine origin except that they are promulgated by the Emperor. (Orts, 2001) A new dynasty could, and usually did, wipe out the previous Code and establish an entirely new one. Since these laws were valid only to the extent that they had come from the Emperor, it would be difficult for a new dynasty to justify using the previous code. (Orts, 2001) Three major schools of thought dominated the Chinese empire: Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism (Fa Jia). (Orts, 2001) Taoism is both a religion and a philosophy, but since its primary influence is on Chinese art and poetry, it has little to say that is applicable to the legal system. The Confucian and Legalist schools of throughout have competed to dominate the imperial system of justice. (Orts, 2001) As the first â€Å"unified† Chinese imperial dynasty, the Qin dynasty relied on a legalist code of laws to ensure unity, obedience and loyalty to the governing body. (Fu, 1996) The later Han Dynasty maintained the Empire using a very different code derived from the teaching of Confucius. Though both dynasties ruled a vast unified Empire for a number of years, the methods, laws and governments they used were markedly different. The question underlying the contrast between legalism and Confucianism is whether either provides a formula for long-lasting, peaceful imperial rule. Although it was very short, the Qin is one of the most important legal system because it is the closest China came to a purely Legalist system. (Fu, 1996) The best original source on law in the Qin dynasty is from the grave of a Qin official discovered in the 1970s. (Fu, 1996)A set of administrative laws inscribed on sheets of bamboo set out common crimes and their punishments. These range from killing children or slaves without permission (as in later dynasties, a parent could seek approval from the magistrate to kill a child who had failed to obey them) to failure to care for one’s horses or not using the standard weights and measures. (Fu, 1996) The Qin were able to centralize their rule in central-eastern China as the most powerful of the Warring States. (Fu, 1996) Under the Qin, a centralized bureaucracy was established and the separate portions of the Great Wall were unified. The Qin dynasty also saw the construction of a road system, the division of the empire into states, and adoption of a series of standards in currency, weights and measures and an official script. (Fu, 1996) Under Qin ruler Qin Xioagong, Shang Yang wrote a series of reforms that would form the basis for the legal system under the Qin. (Fu, 1996) Although there was little time to implement his reforms before the Han took over, Shang’s reforms are considered the basis of the Legalist approach. In 356 BC, Shang ordered the destruction of documents on Confucian thinking, which unfortunately included volumes of material on the pre-Qin Confucian material such as the Book of Songs, and the Book of Documents. (Fu, 1996)He also organized the military into ranks and implemented Li Kui’s book of law. Six years later, Shang reformed the tax system and a standardized system of land allocation. (Fu, 1996)Shortly after the death of the Qin Xiaogong, Shang found himself the victim of one of the harsh punishments he advocated when he was executed by being pulled apart by four chariots. Following the death of Shang Yang, the campaign against Confucian scholars continued and hundreds of Confucian scholars were buried alive. (Fu, 1996) The Qin dynasty is important in comparison to later systems because despite the substantial success it had in establishing an infrastructure and a solid base of power from which to exert authority, the system collapsed upon itself. (Ren, 1997) The harsh punishments caused revolts by people who had incentive to revolt because they would otherwise be executed. (Ren, 1997) The rule of law during the Qin dynasty was influenced by the philosophical tenets of legalism. (Fu, 1996)Legalism is a philosophy that advocates strict adherence to law and obedience to authority. The laws in question tend to focus on punishment for disobedience. (Fu, 1996)The characteristics of legalism were necessary for the government to exercise the degree of control that it did, in order to unify China, and administer this large empire. (Fu, 1996)The legal philosophy of legalism defines law as a tool used by the powers that be to enforce behavior demanded of the leadership in question. As such, legalistic philosophy focuses upon the punitive aspect of law, rather than a positive aspect(Fu, 1996). A 1975 discovery of Qin legal documents gave historians their first detailed look at the specifics of administrative and criminal law in the Qin dynasty. (Fu, 1996) In terms of punishment given for offenses, the Qin legal code offered a gamut of severity that included several forms of execution, five types of mutilation, forced labor, shaving of a beard, and any number of monetary fines. (Fu, 1996) Theft of property had many penalties that were predicated on a number of factors. Such factors included the social rank of the perpetrators, the number of participants, and the value of the property stolen (or targeted for theft). (Fu, 1996)Punishments in the category of theft ranged from monetary fines to terms of bonded service. In the area of violent crimes, the penalties are clear and precise. An act of violence against a spouse or child warrants cutting off of a beard, as does mutilation of another in a fight. (Fu, 1996) The killing of children is punished with tattooing and hard labor. This only applies if the child in question is without physical or mental defects; in other cases, it is not illegal to kill a child. Conspiracy to commit murder is punishable by death, as is the murder of a male heir to a relative. Despite the reputation of Qin justice as cruel and arbitrary, investigation of crimes was done in a fairly meticulous manner. (Fu, 1996) Torture of witnesses, for example, had to be documented, and was only allowed in cases where a witness’ statement, freely given, did not make sense or contradicted known facts of the case. (Fu, 1996)It is also noted in Qin law that flogging is not the preferred way to obtain accurate information. In general, the laws of the Qin dynasty, rather than being arbitrary and cruel, reflect a sophisticated consideration of such matters as intent, mens rea, and degree of severity. (Fu, 1996)While the penalties outlined may seem to be quite extreme, they reflect nothing more than the practices and standards of the time and culture in which they were executed. (Fu, 1996) The Han dynasty is recognized for centralizing the Chinese empire and dissolving the noble-run state system. (Perenboom, 2002) In the place of the feudal system, the Han developed a bureaucracy, ostensibly merit-based, which would last for the next two millennia. Although we know less about the Han legal system than we do the later dynasties, the Han dynasty is worth a discussion because of the foundations it laid for physical and political infrastructure. (Perenboom, 2002) The population of the Chinese Empire under the Han was about 50 million. (Perenboom, 2002) It was during this period that the Silk Road, the trade route to the west, was developed. (Perenboom, 2002) Although the Han adopted Confucianism as the official state doctrine legalist influences remaining in the penal emphasis of the system and the formulaic quality of the laws (the crime of x is punished with y). From a Confucian perspective, modeling proper conduct was the best way to maintain order. (Perenboom, 2002) These rules of behavior are called li, a general code of proper human conduct in human society. (Perenboom, 2002) These rules incorporate institutions and relationships that are necessary for harmonious living. Legalists, however, propounded a written law with specific punishments that would deter bad behavior, which is referred to as fa. (Perenboom, 2002) Where li is designed to prevent conflict, fa is designed to punish it, and thereby deter. The school of philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius (551-479 BC) formed the basis of the traditional political system beginning in the Han Dynasty. (Perenboom, 2002) Confucius was from a minor noble family in what is now Shantung province. Although he never obtained an official position of any significant power, his students passed on his teaching on government and social relationships. (Perenboom, 2002) Confucianism recognizes five key relationships in society, each with its correct virtue. One of the most important was the relationship between father and son, and the primary virtue in that relationship was filial piety. (Perenboom, 2002) Another key relationship was that between ruler and subject, where loyalty was the proper attribution. (Perenboom, 2002) Brothers should exhibit, not surprisingly, brotherliness, and between husband and wife love and obedience was paramount. (Perenboom, 2002) Finally, between friends there should be faithfulness. (Perenboom, 2002) The moral feelings and obligations between people generally, and in the five relationships especially, are called jen. In Confucian thought, there is no separation between duties and mores in and to the family and the state. (Rosett, Cheng, Woo, 2003) Although the emperor has the greatest responsibility because he must care for his subjects as his children but he has little accountability to them. (Rosett, Cheng, Woo, 2003) The people’s relationship with the emperor is within the relationship of filial piety, they depend on him to be fair and act in their best interest, but they have no right to expect him to do so, and no recourse when he did not. The emperor was not accountable to the law; he had absolute authority to change and overrule the law on a case-by-case basis. He could also issue edicts to change the laws, and create ex post facto law. The hierarchy of relationships (li) was primary to the codified law (fa), and where the two conflicted the li should triumph. (Rosett, Cheng, Woo, 2003) Individual rights were subjugated to the paternalistic authority of the state. (Rosett, Cheng, Woo, 2003) Adherents to Confucianism were suspicious of an institutional law but accepted it as a necessary evil. Confucianists argued that a legal system of fa would encourage people to act exclusively in self-interest and lead to corruption. (Hucker, 1975) If everyone acted in their proper roles in accordance with the li and in the interest of their family and the state as the two concentric duties, theoretically there would be no need for a legal system. (Hucker, 1975) Practically, however, Confucian officials knew punishment would still be necessary where people failed to obey the li. However, Confucian scholars continued to argue that the moral training of the ruler was more useful to promote harmony than coercion. (Hucker, 1975) In the end, the Chinese legal system had a healthy amount of both. (Hucker, 1975) The first Han Emperor, Gaozu (256-195 BC), was one of only two Chinese emperors to rise from the peasant class. (Hucker, 1975) During the Qin dynasty, he was a low-level police officer in Jiangsu province who was detained in his duty of transporting prisoners by bad weather. According to the laws of the legalist Qin, this failure, even though he was not at fault, was punishable by death. Having nothing to lose, he led the prisoners in revolt. (Hucker, 1975) This group eventually grew into an army and he ended up in position to overthrow the Qin and establish a dynasty of his own. (Hucker, 1975) Although Confucianism was embraced as the official state doctrine, Gaozu recognized the importance of creating a written legal code. (Dull Chu, 1972) The official in charge of the legal code was Xiao He, who had served with Gaozu during the uprising. The code eventually the legal code took up 906 volumes, and was divided into 60 sections. (Dull Chu, 1972) Under Emperor Wu Di, the official Dong Zhongshu required that the verdicts be supported by a rationale which applied the statutes to the facts of the case. (Dull Chu, 1972) It was during this period that the first laws against the killing of slaves appeared. In addition, nobles and officials were not permitted any deference compared to peasants when it came to prosecution and punishment. (Dull Chu, 1972) Dong also imbued the laws with elements cosmic harmony. He believed that the legal system should try to sort out imbalances in yin and yang and reflect the harmony of the five elements: wood, fire, earth, metal and water. (Dull Chu, 1972) Despite the wide application of laws, severe and grisly punishments were still popular. (Dull Chu, 1972) Typical punishments included killing of the defendant’s relatives, facial tattooing (particularly for theft), castration, amputation of the nose or of one or more of the feet, wearing an iron collar, exile, and a variety of methods of execution, such as death by cutting in two at the waist, boiling and beheading. Among the non-capital punishments, minor offenders were often subject to long terms of servitude on state projects. (Dull Chu, 1972) Exile was also used as a common punishment during the Han dynasty. (Dull Chu, 1972) Despite the similarities between Qin and Han law and punishment, the Confuscian philosophy of the Han dynasty became the one from which the rule of future dynasties would derive, while the legacy of the Qin dynasty was largely lost in the annels of history.

Pancreas Essays -- science

Pancreas Name and Functions The part I researched, which has only one name, is the pancreas. The pancreas is an organ that produces digestive juices necessary to break down food. It also produces insulin and glucagons. Insulin and glucagons are two hormones needed to break down sugar and to regulate our metabolism. The pancreas provides a lot of power to the body. For example, it allows you to eat many foods and allows your body to feed your cells the energy they need. It also allows you to exercise without decreasing your blood sugar. As you can see the pancreas has a lot of jobs, without the pancreas it would be difficult to live. Organization in the Body If you didnft have a pancreas you would have to give yourself hypodermic shots everyday for the rest of your life. The pancreas is part of the digestive system. Organs located near the pancreas are the stomach, the small intestine, the liver, and the gallbladder. The stomachfs function is to digest and store food and the small intestine and it is used for digestion and the absorption of nutrients. To absorb nutrients, take out poisons, and produce bile you need the liver, and to store that bile you need the gallbladder. The pancreas is located deep in the abdomen between the spine and stomach. It is partially behind your stomach but the other part nestles in the curve of the duodenum. The digestive juices in the pancreas flow through a duct to the duodenum into the small intestine. The digestive juices con...

No Dogs Allowed Essay

1. Who benefits from the construction of the park? How should the park be distributed? What feedback will the citizens reciprocate? Will management of the park promote progress and inspire future projects? 2. The town would likely need all factors of production; raw materials, human labor, and machinery to construct and maintain the park. 3. The town’s resources are limited. The land value is priced around $125,000 per acre. Limited resources include natural resources, raw material, renewable resources, and actual resources. 4. The consumers using the park will probably be pet owners. 7,000 residents, whom own dogs, are currently registered by the town council. 5. The benefit forgone is the benefit of constructing a dog park. The gross benefit of having the park built is $125,000 per acre; so the net benefit is $625,000. The opportunity cost of not building the park is $3,625,000. Despite holding the largest sum of money, the alternate decision to not build the park leaves les s space and recreation. The majority of residents in town are registered pet owners. Leaving the land undeveloped will waste the opportunity to provide the citizens with free recreation. The only local park that exists in town is not pet-friendly. On the other hand, limiting open space eliminates the burden of management and developing infrastructure. Selling the land to real estate developers to build homes benefits the luxury develops and possible buyers. However, selling the land does nothing to help with the current repairs of the school. This decision might even upset the citizens who want a recreational park instead of a dog park. There is little space available from the natural environment. Market failures depend on the distribution of the goods. Possible market failures could stem from underinvestment and non-excludability. There are always gains and losses when a public good/service is exchanged. The possible externalities that may produce if the park is built could include noise pollution and visual pollution. The cost used to produce landscape architecture may also exceed the private cost. The town’s government could substitute some decisions for an environmentally appropriate solution. As the town council already suggested, charging a yearly fee to citizens that use the park. Littering and polluting will result in a double-fee. Lisa Mullinax, a certified professional dog trainer, fondly remembers taking her canine pal to the park for the first time. She gripped the leash and wandered into the crowd, toward the jubilant cries of a playful pup. Her giddy companion was bound up with energy; she needed to run free amongst the others. â€Å"It dramatically improved our bond,† says Mullinax, now teaching group class seminars at 4Paws University. As pointed out above, the lack of recreational dog parks is detrimental because it encourages urbanism over environmentalism. Martinsville has little space for forty new luxury townhouses. The decision to construct a recreational dog park for 7000 of the 100,000 residents implements competitive market equilibrium. With no negative or positive externalities, the consumers and producers are able to benefit from economical efficiency. Dedicating at least one park to the pet owners enables private benefit. The residents may be considered free-riders at the behest of ur banites. Comparatively, Martinsville is a flourishing town. The recent developments are highly valued and consumers are offered great public services. Even local gyms and country clubs provide recreational opportunities. With a budget surplus, the town can afford the proposal cost, as well as any externalities. However, eliminating an externality is not economically beneficial. With exclusive property rights, comes responsibility. It is a pet owner’s responsibility to ensure the park is clean and manageable. These are the private costs borne of the producers and handled by society at large. The social cost represents the total sum of production, including externalities and privacy costs. Hence, the exclusive right to pet owners in the park privately benefits them. The lack of dog parks reduces opportunity cost; whilst an increase in constructing these parks greatly influences a more holistic view of a company. Not only does the surrounding environment become included in business operations, but ecosystem services as well! Unlike the negative externalities an industrial  park may produce (pollution); dog parks are essential ly eco-friendly. The proposed location is only slightly wooded and would not require much management. The majority of the townsfolk would likely use the park for its private benefits.

Metaphors in “Master Harold”

18 January 2012 Metaphors in â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and the boys â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and the boys, is a powerful play written by Athol Fugard that allows us to analyze the complex relationship between a black man and a young white boy within the context of racism in South Africa in the 1950’s. This play is characterized by metaphors used by the author to illustrate the struggle of people dealing with racism. One of the most important themes of this play is racism, focusing on the injustice in South Africa when the apartheid system was in place.Racial segregation and separation in this time in history demonstrates to us how this system allowed unequal rights for whites and blacks. There is evidence that the relationship between Hally, the young white boy and Sam, the black man is complex due to the political system that was in place that supported racism, making this relationship complex and at the same time humanistic. The complexities of this relati onship are shown through the authors use of effective metaphors, such as the kite and the bench, to illustrate the life experiences between Hally and Sam within the racial and political time in which they lived.Through the kite and the bench metaphors it becomes evident that Hally and Sam have problems between them as a result of racism. A kite flying in the air controlled by two people extremely different on the outside but like father and son on the inside. The brown paper kite metaphor creates such a complex and interesting relationship between Hally and Sam. It also shows how much the political system creates such a huge effect on how people sometimes think of others with different grounds of race, no matter how close two people could be. During the time when Sam and Hally went to fly the kite, Hally was so excited to go with Sam.Although, at the same time, he was also hopeless and scared of what other people will think when seeing him with a black man trying to fly a brown-pape r kite made out of trash. Hally is always afraid of making a fool out of himself infront of people when around Sam. Since Sam is a black man and Hally is just a young white boy, it is not really normal for them to be out together in the public with the apartheid system going on. â€Å"Little white boy in shot trousers and a black man old enough to be his father flying a kite. It’s not everyday you see that†(Fugard 31). When together alone, Sam is like a father figure andHally loves to follow his footsteps, more than his actual father. Sam loves to make Hally feel proud of himself or even of something in his life because it does not happen often because of his coarse, alcoholic father. In front of people however, it is like they really are who they are supposed to be; a white boy with his parents servant. When Sam and Hally went out in the park to go and fly the kite, Hally did not want to hold the string and run, because he was embarrassed to see the kite not fly and f all to the ground, another thing he cannot be proud of. â€Å"The miracle happened!I was running, waiting for it to crash to the ground, but instead suddenly there was something alive behind me at the end of the string, tugging at it as if it wanted to be free. I looked back . . . I still can't believe my eyes. It was flying. . . I was so proud of us†(Fugard 30)! For once in his his life, Hally felt so proud of himself because of this kite, that he did not want to bring it down. Wanting to sit there all day and just watch it soar in the sky. Sam wanted Hally to be proud of something, proud of himself, and he gave him the encouragement for flying and climbing above his shame.Hally had one of the most amazing times flying that kite with Sam, but once he sat down on the bench, it was time for Sam to leave. Sam left Hally up on the hill, with the a sense of pride. Hally wondered why Sam had left him alone that day. The two of them were up there for a long time. Hally sat on the o ne bench up on the hill that had a sign that said â€Å"Whites Only† on it. When Hally recounts about their time together with the kite in the park and then Sam had to leave him, Sam is the one who informs him of the real reason why he couldn't stay. Hally's childhood memory is that Sam had to go to work.Hally was sitting on a â€Å"Whites Only† bench, so Sam would not have been permitted to sit there with him. â€Å"‘You left me after that, didn’t you?†¦ I wanted you to stay, you know. ’‘I had work to do, Hally’†(Fugard 30). Hally is filled with so much rage over his coarse, alcoholic father. When conflict appears, Hally lashes out on his two black friends, especially Sam. He tries to pretend they are not friends by acting strictly like a boss. Because of Hally’s status as a white person in a racially divided community, he is given the title of â€Å"Master† towards the black men.Hally asks Sam to call him â⠂¬Å"Master Harold† from now on, and Sam would only do this if they were no longer friends. This is the case for, when he spits in Sam's face, Hally becomes Master Harold to Sam. It is conquering in the corruption of another white male as Hally takes his place on the bench of segregation. â€Å"If you're not careful†¦ Master Harold†¦ you're going to be sitting up there by yourself for a long time to come, and there won't be a kite in the sky†(Fugard 58). â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and the boys is a great play involving two characters that are like strangers on the outside, but like family on the inside.The relationship of Sam and Hally is so complex, and it always has its ups and downs. Their relationship is decided a lot from the apartheid system that takes place in the play, also with the use of the authors metaphors such as the kite and bench. However, a bench is not just a bench and a kite is not just some ordinary kite in this play. They have to do a lot with the relationships of Sam and Hally and how it was resulted in their life experiences during the political times they lived together that involved with and resulted with racism. Racism can always come in conflict with two people, no matter how close they are.

The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Essays - Salem Witch Trials

The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Essays - Salem Witch Trials The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Greed can be a very destructive part of everyones life. It can control our every action at times. Some people let their greed get out of control, which was exactlywhat happened in Salem during the witch trials. Three peoples greed brought up this whole tragedy of the trials, convictions and hangings. These three people are Reverend Parris, Thomas Putnam and Abigail Williams. Thomas Putnam was a well-to-do, hard-handed, landowner. He valued his land probably more than his marriage, his other possessions or his anything else that he had. He used his land as a power source to get anything that he wanted. He also used this power to get his neighbors accused and/or convicted of being witches. Once these people were convicted, he would be able to purchase the deceaseds land, just giving him more land and power. This man alone got others to start believing that some people among them were witches. He also used his daughter as a witness to some of his neighbors crimes. Thomas Putnam used the witch trials as an excuse to get even with his neighbors and get their land. He allowed his greed to rule his mind and other decisions during this tragic time in the history of Salem. Another person who was affected by greed during this time was Reverend Parris. He felt that he was underpaid for his services. At one time he said to Giles Corey, I regard that six pound as part of my salary...You will look far for a man of my kind at sixty pound a year! Also, Parris preached for twenty weeks about having golden candlesticks on the altar until he got them. As the story progressed, he became greedy for his life and the life of his friends. When Proctor was about to be hanged, he begged and pleaded for Proctors life so that Parris would not be blamed for killing one of Salems upper class. I feel that Parris was not a good man to be the minister in such a town because he helped the whole witch hunt get going. He made sure that everyone knew about what was going on and got them to help dig up dirt on the accused. One final person whom I believe let her greed for attention and power control the outcome of that small town was Abigail Williams. She was the first person who was caught dancing in the woods to realize that if she turned on the others, her own life would be spared. She started making things up so that she would be in the center of the life in the town. She accused many innocent people of being witches for her own personal good. The best example of this would be when she accused Elizabeth Proctor of being a witch. Abigail and John Proctor had an affair and Abigail perceived this to mean that John wanted to be with her instead of his wife. Then, she realized that the only way to make this happen would be to kill Elizabeth in some way. The only legal way to do this would be to accuse Elizabeth of being a witch and making sure that she was convicted of this crime. Abigail knew that the punishment for the crime of witchcraft was hanging and carried out her accusation so that she and John could dance upon her grave together. I strongly feel that Abigails greed was the most destructive to the outcome of this story. She single-handedly destroyed most of the people of this towns reputations. If a person had something that she wanted, she accused them and got exactly what she wanted. At times, she used her acting talents to make it seem like she was being attacked by a certain persons spirit. While she was trying to convince Danforth and Hathorne that Elizabeth was a witch, she went as far as stabbing herself in the stomach to make it look like Elizabeth was sending out her spirit upon others. I believe that if Abigail had been stopped sooner, the innocent people who died would have lived and been able to look back on this terrible time to mourn the losses of their friends. Many peoples greed brought on these atrocities in Salem,

Is there microbial life in Mars Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is there microbial life in Mars - Research Paper Example Most recently, scientists have come up with new and improved evidence to support their claims of life on Mars. The experiments, discoveries and propositions put forward by the scientists over the period of time regarding life on Mars are discussed further in the paper. The signs of microbial life first came into picture when the experiments of the Labeled Release (LR) apparatus turned out to be positive. This experiment tested on a sample of Martian soil by mixing it with a drop of water constituting of nutrients and radioactive carbon atoms. If the soil was positive for microbial life, the nutrients in the soil would be metabolized and radioactive gases such as methane or carbon dioxide would be produced. Control samples were also prepared by heating or isolating the samples that would kill any form of life if it existed. Control samples were also mixed with nutrient solutions; hence the control experiments provided a comparison. To the amusement and the excitement of the scientists , the LR experiment turned out positive for life. â€Å"The minute the nutrients were mixed with the soil sample, you got something like 10,000 counts of radioactive molecules- a huge spike from the 50 or 60 counts that constituted the natural background radiation on Mars† (Than). These were the earliest experiments performed by the NASA scientists in pursuit of their discovery for life on Mars. Although the LR experiments turned out positive but other space probes’ experiments were negative, making the existence of microbial life on Mars skeptical. Recently, the gas emissions on Mars have been linked to biological source. The experts believe that the chances for organisms to be a source of the gasses are quite explanatory and supportive of microbial life on Mars. The methane gas produced on the Red Planet is suspected to be produced by certain microbiological organisms. On the other hand, some scientists believe that methane can be a result of geological reasons i.e. volcanic processes. However, no active volcanoes have been discovered up till now on Mars. This evidence and explanation strengthens the probability of microbial life on Earth. Scientists have explained that methanogens, certain organisms, release methane as a waste product which dwells in the water beneath the underground ice. According to Prof Pillinger, â€Å"The most obvious source of methane is organisms. So if you find methane in an atmosphere, you can suspect there is life† (Staff Reporters). Miller and mathematician Giorgio Bianciardi, employed a cluster analysis technique on the Viking’s data. This technique groups together similar looking data. This analysis was performed to evaluate the realism of the experiments and investigate the outcome of the experiments. The technique turned out with two clusters; one with two active experiments and the other with five control experiments. The biological experiments from Earth sorted with the active experiments from Vi king exhibiting the validity of claims of microbial life on Mars. Another finding which supports the previous LR experiments is the Martian Rhythms. Circadian rhythms are internal clocks which can be found in every living thing, including microbes. On Earth the clock is set to 24 hour while on Mars it should be 24.7 hours, which is the duration of a Martian day. Miller noticed that the radioactive gas measurement sin the LR experiments exhibited a rhythmic rise during the day and decline during the night. The oscillations were in accordance with the Martian

Biomedical Issues in Autism Speech or Presentation

Biomedical Issues in Autism - Speech or Presentation Example Of special interest is the toxicological perspective which is, to some extent, also related to environmental factors. One important aspect is the role of environmental toxicities that can initiate or aggravate autistic symptoms in predisposed individuals. Etiologically speaking, certain metabolic abnormalities have been blamed to play a central role towards development of autism. This is manifested by the increased incidence of inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal system noted in autistic children. Such metabolic differences have been investigated in various studies, and it has been suggested that it is highly likely that other metabolic inefficiencies of this type render autistic individuals unable to cope with toxicities prevailing in the immediate environment of such individuals. These disorders of metabolism, therefore, contribute towards the development of autism in individuals by limiting their ability to overcome the metabolic challenges posed by the environmental to xicities. A major toxicity that has been studied in this regard is the presence of excess amounts of mercury in the environment of those who develop this condition. Review of Current Literature Although mercury is considered to be present in trace amounts in our environment, there are points in the mercury cycle where its interaction with life forms becomes significant enough to be considered as a contributor of disease. Once it is converted into methylmercury, it becomes volatile and soluble enough to get bio-accumulated in food chains (Utah.Gov). Mercury has been identified to be a neuro-toxin, and causes defects in memory, cognitive thinking, language, visual ability, and motor skills. These manifestations are more marked in developing brains. Common sources of exposure to mercury include food (fish etc.), dental amalgam, batteries, coal, and medical products including vaccines. There have been heated debates about the link between mercury and autism, and it appears that the vast majority of studies which deny such linkage are carried out under the influence of those who have a vested interest in promoting the concept of mercury being safe for human consumption. The reason for this claim is the fact that sufficient evidence exists to support a link between the two (DeSoto and Robert 165). Studies conducted to evaluate the level of mercury in hair and nail samples of autistic individuals have also pointed out that mercury can possibly act as a causative or contributive factor. The level of mercury in these tissues is considerably higher in autistic individuals as compared to their healthy counterparts (Priya and Arumugam 148). The notion that altered metabolic processes contribute towards the pathogenesis of autism due to mercury poisoning has been supported by research work. Of considerable importance is the observation that adverse reactions and abnormal development in autistic individuals correlate closely to their exposure to vaccines containing mercury as their constituent element. Higher levels of mercury in autistic individuals may be attributed to a different or defective pattern of metabolism in these individuals (Majewska et al. 196). Studies designed to seek a relationship between elevated levels of mercury in blood and the presence of autism have found a positive

Juvenille Diabetes Research foundation describe how it helps the Essay

Juvenille Diabetes Research foundation describe how it helps the community - Essay Example JDRF facilitates research to identify ways to gain maximum results with least inconvenience to the individuals suffering from diabetes. A lot of children as well as adults in our country are suffering from obesity. To make it worse, obesity comes with numerous side-effects including high blood pressure and diabetes. Research conducted by JDRF tends to find cure for such diseases as diabetes and high blood pressure. â€Å"JDRF is committed to improving the lives of the type 1 diabetes community by keeping you informed about the latest developments in type 1 diabetes research and by providing a range of support services to help you from initial diagnosis through to managing life with type 1 diabetes† (JDRF b). Thus, JDRF not only targets the direct effects of obesity like individual’s looks, consciousness and self-perceptions but also the symptoms and health conditions indirectly associated with obesity. I place so much confidence in JDRF because it has made a lot of diff erence in the life of my own younger sister, Maria. When Maria was 5 years old, she was diagnosed with obesity by JDRF. We thought she had just put on a few extra pounds that would be gone with a little bit of dieting. It was not until JDRF confirmed she was obese that we stopped thinking she was just overweight. To our surprise, JDRF took Maria’s tests and informed us that she was having type 1 diabetes. We could not imagine a girl as young as 5 years old would be having diabetes! Since I am emotionally too attached to Maria, this came to me as nothing less than a shock. Back then, I couldn’t imagine how awful life would be if I had to live without sugar. JDRF proposed that we took immediate measures to alter Maria’s eating habits and walkout patterns in order to do our bit to make her future secure. Mom, dad and I decided that if Maria was not going to consume sugar, so would be we! Now that about 8 years have passed since then, everything has changed for the better. What came as a shock to all of us 8 years back proved to be a forewarning with the passage of time! When JDRF diagnosed Maria with those diseases, they not only tested Dad, Mom and me for the same health hazards, but also took notes about what we ate, how often we ate, when we ate and why we ate whatever we did. They informed us that they would use that information for research purposes. We assisted them in all ways we could because it felt like a way to do our little bit in the well-being of the whole society through JDRF. At the time when Maria was diagnosed with obesity and type 1 diabetes, mama and I were also overweight. JDRF told us that we were quite likely to become obese within few years from then if we continued with the same dietary and exercise habits. For about 8 years since then, Maria, mom, dad and I have had no chocolates, no carbonated drinks, no deep fried foods, no Big Macs and no junk food. Since the time we consulted JDRF, we have placed full emphasis of living upon fresh foods and vegetables. We have been going for a walk every morning and it has become a very important part of out everyday life, and we did gain positive results! Maria has recently tested negative for type 1 diabetes. All of us are in perfect shape. Today, when I look myself into the mirror, I become overwhelmed to see how nice I look and much of this is due to my smartness. We are grateful to JDRF that they informed us about the potential risks just in time so that we were able to take

Gospel Essentials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gospel Essentials - Essay Example In the previous epochs He was thought to be the center of the Universe and literally everything was revolving around Him. With this regard one should also dwell on some characteristics that are attributed to God Who is perceived as â€Å"a being conceived as the perfect, omnipotent, omniscient originator and ruler of the universe, the principal object of faith and worship in monotheistic religions† (God, 2011). Indeed, one of the major aspects that should be mentioned in particular is His perfection: no other being in the Universe can be as perfect. God is also regarded as the Creator of everything (DiVincenzo, 2012). It is quite obvious that everything that exists in the world was created by Him. Prior to the beginning of all things, nothing existed but God. The process of creation is explained in detailed in the book of Genesis. Keeping this in mind, one might ask a legitimate question: if everything was created by God, is evil, death, suffering and other negative aspects of life created by Him as well? According to free will theodicy, it was, but for the purpose of greater good. Speaking of human nature, one should note two important aspects. On the one hand, it must be said that just like all other beings, humans were created; however, â€Å"God created mankind in His own image† (Genesis 1:27). On the other hand, due because Adam and Eve committed the Original Sin, they could no longer live in Eden. There are many opinions about purpose of human life. While some people suggest that there is not distinct purpose since life should be perceived as the greatest gift that a person can receive, others point out that humans were created to praise the Lord. That is why the purpose of the human life is to love the Creator and follow the guidelines that were designed by Him. If people chose not to do so, this causes a considerable number of problems in their lives. Indeed, when humans forget about God and focus on the visible world, with all its

Effectiveness Of Salt Versus Oral Mouthwash Biology Essay

Effectiveness Of Salt Versus Oral Mouthwash Biology Essay This experiment aims to compare the effectiveness of salt versus oral mouthwash in inhibiting the growth of oral bacteria such as Treponema denticola, Fusospirochetes, Porphyromonas gingivalis and so on. These are chosen as subjects of experiment as they cause Periodontal Disease or Gingivitis among people. Finding a solution to prevent the growth of these disease-causing bacteria will help solving the problem.[10] Salt or Sodium Chloride is an ionic compound bonded together by ionic bond between Sodium ion and Chloride ion. Table salt is a processed salt where it is used as a condiment and food preservation. Salt is currently mass-produced by evaporation of seawater. It is also proved to provide medicinal effects. For example, people often heal wounds using salt solution and it is good against infections as it reduces inflammation of wounds. Moreover, researches nowadays have proven salt can bring about an effect in inhibiting the growth of bacteria. This is why people often use a cup of water with two tablespoons of edible salt as mouthwash. Nevertheless, salt solution can be used to treat sore throats. Salt is considered antibacterial because it creates no wet condition for bacteria to grow in. In other words, salt is very good at dehydrating and absorbing water from anything it comes contact with. Salt solution does not kill the bacteria but it inhibits the growth of them. Therefore, it is considered as bacteriostatic.[9][12] Mouthwash is a product made for enhancing oral hygiene. Some brands of mouthwash claim that they can help to kill bacteria causing gingivitis and bad breath. Anti-cavity mouth rinse uses fluoride compound to protect against tooth decay. A person has to gargle the mouthwash without the need of brushing and flossing teeth. Besides, mouthwash can also help removing mucus and food particles which are situated down in the throat. This product is bactericidal where it kills bacteria which are found in mouth. Active ingredients  in commercial brands of mouthwash can include  thymol,  eucalyptol, menthol,  chlorhexidine gluconate,  benzalkonium chloride,  cetylpyridinium chloride,  methylparaben,  hydrogen peroxide,  domiphen bromide  and sometimes  fluoride,  enzymes, and  calcium. Ingredients also include water, sweeteners such as  sorbitol,  sucralose,  sodium saccharin, and  xylitol. However, there is some evidence which shows that mouthwash contributes to oral cancer. This is shown by a literature review by McCullough and Farah from 2008 published in the  Dental Journal of Australia.[13][14] Oral hygiene is very important to prevent dental problems and bad breath. One of the common ways to practise oral hygiene is tooth brushing. Some people may use oral mouthwash to kill the disease-causing bacteria situated inside the mouth. One of the common disease regarding oral hygiene is Gingivitis. Gingivitis is a term used to describe non-destructive  periodontal disease. Gingivitis is often caused by types of bacteria stated above. Bacteria activity caused by these microorganisms can lead to severe effects including refractory periodontitis and acute necrotizing gingivitis, resulting in bone resorption and tooth loss. Gargling with oral mouthwash is effective but the price is expensive. Furthermore, it is not always available at any outlets all the time. Practising to gargle with salt water is a convenient method to keep the oral cavity clean. Table salt can be easily obtained from any outlets and the price is far cheaper than any oral mouthwash. One thing good about salt is it does not cause side effects as no artificially made chemicals are contained within it. But how does the effectiveness vary compared to commercial oral mouthwash?[15] Experimental Hypothesis : There is a significant difference for the effectiveness of commercial mouthwash in inhibiting oral bacteria compared to salt solution of concentration greater than or equal to 0.4moldm-3. Null Hypothesis : There is no significant difference for the effectiveness of commercial mouthwash in inhibiting oral bacteria compared to salt solution of concentration greater than or equal to 0.4moldm-3. Variables : Manipulated variable : Types of antibacterial solution Responding variable : Number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar Fixed variables : Temperature of incubation period, contents of nutrient agar, type of bacteria cultured, time taken for gargling mouthwash. Apparatus : Bottles of inoculum, work table, sterilised petri dishes, micropipette, 1000ml conical flask, Bunsen burner, incubator, 100ml beaker, electronic balance, 250ml volumetric flask, filter funnel, dropper, stopper, bio-hazard waste bin. Materials : Sterilised cotton buds, sterilised distilled water, distilled water, commercial mouthwash B, disinfectant, tissue papers, Dettol solution, gloves, teats of micropipette, nutrient agar solution, aluminium foil, solid Sodium Chloride. Planning Two trial experiments were conducted in overall. The first trial experiment was carried out to determine which commercial mouthwash is the best in inhibiting the growth of oral bacteria. The commercial mouthwash which has the highest inhibition rate will be compared to salt solution. Three types of commercial mouthwash namely A, B and C were used. Three sterilised petri dishes were obtained. A swab sample was taken before gargling the commercial mouthwash. This was tagged as before to indicate the number of bacteria colony found in nutrient agar before commercial mouthwash was used and acted as a control. Three human subjects were volunteered to gargle each type of commercial mouthwash. This was assuming that the number of oral bacteria in every person is the same. After gargling three types of commercial mouthwash for 10 seconds, three swab samples were obtained from every subject. The bacteria were cultured and platted and the number of bacteria colony found on agar was counted. Al l sterilised petri dishes were then placed in an incubator for a week. The result showed that commercial mouthwash B has the highest bacterial inhibition rate. Types of commercial mouthwash Number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar Control 7 A 4 B 1 C 2 Table 1.1 : The number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar with respective commercial mouthwash used. The second trial experiment was done to determine the time taken to gargle commercial mouthwash B in order to obtain the maximum inhibition rate. In other words, this trial was carried out to choose a suitable period of gargling mouthwash. Five sterilised petri dishes were obtained. Four types of gargling period had been chosen in this trial which were 5, 10, 15 and 20 seconds. Four human subjects were volunteered to gargle for every period of time. Commercial mouthwash B was used as it gave the highest rate of bacterial inhibition from the first trial conducted. A swab sample was obtained before the trial proceeded. This was labelled as before to indicate the number of bacteria colony found in nutrient agar before gargling commercial mouthwash B and acted as a control. Every human subject was ordered to gargle commercial mouthwash B with the respective period of time chosen earlier. After gargling, four swab samples were obtained from each subject. The trial was again assuming that the amount of oral bacteria in every person is the same. The bacteria was cultured and platted and the number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar was counted. All sterlised petri dishes were then placed in a incubator for a week. The result showed that a period of 10 seconds to gargle commercial mouthwash B has the highest bacterial inhibition rate. Time taken to gargle commercial mouthwash B / seconds Number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar 0 8 5 5 10 2 15 2 20 2 Table 1.2 : The number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar with respective period of time to gargle commercial mouthwash B. Real Experimental Procedures Preparing salt solution of various concentrations Mass of an empty 100ml beaker was weighed using an electronic balance. For 0.1M salt water, 1.4625g of solid Sodium Chloride (NaCl) was weighed. The weighed solid was then dissolved in the 100ml beaker using distilled water. The solution was poured into a 250ml volumetric flask using a filter funnel. The beaker and filter funnel were rinsed with distilled water and added into the volumetric flask. Distilled water was carefully added into the volumetric flask until the level of solution reached the graduation mark. Dropper was used instead to prevent any exceed above the graduation mark. A stopper was fitted on the mouth of volumetric flask and the solution was shaken carefully. Steps 1 to 8 were repeated by replacing 1.4625g of NaCl with 2.925g for 0.2M, 3.4875g for 0.3M, 5.850g for 0.4M and 7.3125g for 0.5M. Preparing inoculums of bacteria A sterilised cotton bud was used to obtain the swab sample from mouth. The cotton bud was then dipped into a bottle of inoculum containing a quarter volume of sterilised distilled water and labelled as before. The cotton bud was then disposed off. After gargling 50ml salt water with concentration of 0.1M, another swab sample was obtained and dipped into bottle of inoculums containing sterilised distilled water. This was labelled as 0.1M. Step 3 was repeated by replacing 0.1M salt water with 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M, 0.5M and commercial mouthwash B. Preparing petri dishes with bacteria Work table was sprayed with disinfectant to kill all the bacteria present. Table was wiped with several pieces of tissue papers. Hands were washed with Dettol solution to ensure no bacteria were found. Gloves were worn on both hands. Three sterilised petri dishes were obtained. A bottle of inoculum (before) was taken. A micropipette was used and calibrated to 200 microlitres. Teat of micropipette was placed at the edge of micropipette. Hands were forbidden to touch the teat so that it would not be contaminated with bacteria. The bottle of inoculum was opened using a hand and the end of micropipette was pressed gently to suck the content of inoculums. The cap of bottle was closed and the content of inoculum was placed in the first petri dish. The lid was opened slightly till the teat can be placed in the petri dish. The end of micropipette was pressed fully to release the sucked content of inoculums. The teat was then expelled into a bio-hazard waste bin. Same procedures were repeated for second and third petri dishes. Steps 6 to 13 were repeated by replacing bottle of inoculum (before) with bottle labelled 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M, 0.5M and commercial mouthwash B. Preparing bacterial lawn Nutrient agar solution was poured into a 1000ml conical flask. The solution was left to cool down for several minutes. After several minutes, the mouth of conical flask was heated with a Bunsen burner. This was done so that the aluminium foil could be capped on the mouth of conical flask for sterilising purpose. The mouth of conical flask was placed gently at a petri dish. The culture solution was poured into the petri dish until it was one-third full. This process is known as platting. Aluminium foil was capped back on the mouth of conical flask. The petri dish containing bacteria and agar solution was swirled gently by pressing and moving the petri dish on the table. The petri dish was left on the table for 10 minutes. This was done to ensure that the culture solution is solidified. Steps 1 to 7 were repeated for every petri dishes. All petri dishes were inverted and stored in an incubator for a week. After one-week incubation period, all petri dishes were observed for bacterial activity. Risk Assessment A complete aseptic procedure was used throughout the experiment. The work table was sprayed using a disinfectant to kill all the foreign bacteria present. Hands were washed with Dettol solution and gloves were worn so that I would not be infected by the bacteria when having a meal. Sterilised petri dishes were used because it contained only the oral bacteria when experiment was carried out. This was important to maintain the validity of results obtained. Sterilised distilled water was also used to make sure only oral bacteria were cultured. Teats of the micropipette were disposed off into a bio-hazard waste bin because they were contaminated with bacteria and could possibly infect other people. Disposing off the teats will solve the problem. The lid of petri dish was opened slightly when introducing bacteria into the petri dish. This was done to prevent any foreign bacteria in the lab to grow and reproduce in the petri dish containing agar solution. Distilled water was used to prepar e various concentrations of salt solution to make sure no other impurities would affect the concentration or molarity of the solution. The electronic balance was tarred to reset the reading value before weighing a specific mass of solid Sodium Chloride. Dropper was used to prevent any exceed above the graduation mark of volumetric flask when dilution was carried out. Mouth of conical flask was heated with Bunsen burner to ensure no contamination from other bacteria. Aluminium foil was capped back on the mouth of conical flask to prevent any foreign bacteria from entering the conical flask. At the end of the experiment, all petri dishes were sent for autoclaving for disposal purpose. Results Types of antibacterial solution Number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar 1stReading 2ndReading 3rdReading Mean Value Control 7 6 8 7.0 0.1M Salt Water 9 6 5 6.7 0.2M Salt Water 8 5 7 6.7 0.3M Salt Water 6 5 7 6.0 0.4M Salt Water 3 2 3 2.7 0.5M Salt Water 2 1 1 1.3 Commercial Mouthwash B 1 0 2 1.0 Table 1.3 : Number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar with respective types of antibacterial solution used. Keys : 1st reading was obtained from first petri dish. 2nd reading was obtained from second petri dish. 3rd reading was obtained from third petri dish. Graph 1.1 : Bar chart of mean number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar against types of antibacterial solution. Statistical Analysis There is no significant difference for the effectiveness of commercial mouthwash in inhibiting oral bacteria compared to salt solution of concentration greater than or equal to 0.4moldm-3. The calculated U-values are more than the Ucrit value which is zero at 5% significance level. The null hypothesis is not rejected as the U-values are not lower than Ucrit value. Therefore, null hypothesis is accepted and the experimental hypothesis is rejected. There is insufficient evidence to state that there is a significant difference for the effectiveness of commercial mouthwash in inhibiting oral bacteria compared to salt solution of concentration greater than or equal to 0.4moldm-3. 0.4M salt solution Rank Commercial mouthwash B Rank 3 5,5 0 2 1 3.5 1 1 2 5.5 1 3.5 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 1 14.5 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 2 6.5 Table 1.4 : Calculations for Mann-Whitney Test. Formulae for calculating U-values : U1 = n1n2 + n1(n1+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 1 2 U2 = n1n2 + n1(n1+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 2 2 Keys : n1 = size of the sample 1 (0.4M salt solution) n2 = size of the sample 2 (Commercial mouthwash B) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 1 = total rank of sample 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 2 = total rank of sample 2 Calculations of U-values for both samples U1 = (3)(3) + (3)(3+1) 14.5 = 0.5 2 U2 = (3)(3) + (3)(3+1) 6.5 = 8.5 2 Significance level = 5% Value of Ucrit according to table = 0 Data analysis From the experiment conducted, it is shown that the mean number of bacteria colony found in nutrient agar due to commercial mouthwash B is lower than other salt solutions with various concentrations. When the concentration of salt solution is less than 0.4moldm-3, there is a large difference for the mean number of bacteria colony found between commercial mouthwash B and salt solution. The result changes when concentration of salt solution increases to 0.4moldm-3 where there is only a small difference for the mean number of bacteria colony found in nutrient agar. Commercial mouthwash B and salt solution are proven for inhibiting growth of oral bacteria. The number of oral bacteria found in mouth will drop significantly after gargling because antibacterial solutions kill or prevent the bacteria from growing. The most suitable method to find out the effect of antibacterial solution on the growth of oral bacteria is to count the number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar after gargling the solutions. The results obtained are compared with the number of bacteria colony found before gargling the solutions which acts as a control. Temperature of incubation is set constant at 36.9oC where it represents the exact body temperature of a human body.[3] Commercial mouthwash B contains an active ingredient namely Chlorhexidine gluconate. It has both bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms of action. It is a type of cell membrane agent. It disrupts the structure of cell membrane, causing the rigidity of the cell membrane to be broken down. This active chemical binds onto lipopolysaccharides, situated at outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, disrupting the structure lipid bilayer consisting of phospholipids. When the fluid lipid bilayer is broken down, cell organelles and metabolites no longer bordered by cell membrane. Loss of metabolites results in death of a bacterium.[1][6] Salt solution has a different mechanism in inhibiting growth of oral bacteria. Every microorganism needs an aqueous environment to thrive in. In low concentration of salt solution, the surrounding environment is hypotonic. The solute concentration remains higher than the surrounding solution. Oral bacteria have the ability to pump in ions with the energy comes from ATP by respiratory enzyme found in mesosomes. This ion pump moves ions from surrounding solution into the body of oral bacteria. There is water potential from surrounding solution to the cytoplasm of oral bacteria. Water moves into the cell by osmosis and this gives an aqueous environment which is favourable for oral bacteria to grow and reproduce. At high concentration of salt solution, the solute concentration in the surrounding solution is greater than the cytoplasm of oral bacteria. This is because the ion pump cannot keep up to pump in more ions efficiently. There is water potential from cytoplasm of bacteria to surro unding solution. Water moves out from cell by osmosis. Oral bacteria are dehydrated and eventually die within a minute. [5][7][8] However, there is a difference in mean number of bacteria colony found when different antibacterial solutions are used. The difference is mainly because active ingredient in commercial mouthwash B kills the bacteria and they can no longer reproduce again. When salt solution is used, bacteria may move away from the solution which has high solute concentration. Bacteria are not killed and may have the chances to reproduce again. Sample number 75% lake water 50% lake water 25% lake water 10% lake water Distilled water Sea water 183 162 154 95 32 10 8 185 24 20 16 4 1 1 186 33 38 29 2 0 2 187 266 247 109 16 3 5 187 224 214 125 17 11 7 188 290 285 146 41 8 14 Table 1.4 : number of bacteria found in respective water sample.[16] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545388/pdf/jbacter00775-0012.pdf) From the above data, it was an experiment conducted Dr.Claude E. Zobell and D. Quentin Anderson to investigate the number of bacteria found in different water sample. It can be seen that the number of bacteria colony decreased tremendously when the bacteria were cultured in a sample of sea water. Sea water has a high concentration of salt which will provide a high solute concentration compared to cytoplasm of oral bacteria. The difference from my data and theirs will be discussed in the evaluation section. Evaluation There are a few limitations found in this experiment. Contamination may occur when introducing bacteria into the petri dish. Foreign bacteria found in the air may enter the petri dish and reproduce in the nutrient agar. This was inevitable because lamina floor was broken down and could not be used for this experiment. A known species of a bacterium cannot be used as it is not available in the lab. Therefore, swab samples were obtained and these contained a mixture of bacteria as stated above. Experiment cannot be conducted only on a type of bacterium. Besides, nutrient agar solution may not be sterilised completely as the autoclave machine in the lab was broken down and spare parts were not available by that time. Therefore, nutrient agar solution was sterilised using a pressure cooker. This caused other foreign bacteria to survive and reproduce in the nutrient agar. The period of incubation chosen is a week because the bacteria cultured from swab samples are low in number. This requ ires a longer period for bacteria to grow and reproduce. The human subjects involved may not gargle the antibacterial solutions in a correct way. This will affect the validity of data obtained during observation. Lastly, the genetic makeups of bacteria found in swab samples are not known. This could not be prevented as a specific strain of bacterium was not recognised. As a result, some of the bacteria may have mutated and probably resistant to the antimicrobial solutions. The results obtained will be affected. These are the reasons why the findings are different from this experiment and experiment conducted by Professor above. The experiment can be modified by using a known strain of bacterium. This will increase the validity of data significantly. Moreover, different type of nutrient agar which is favourable for oral bacteria to grow can be used. This will cause the bacteria to grow and reproduce faster than expected. Thus, results can be obtained earlier. Furthermore, nutrient agar solution can be sterilised with an autoclave machine so any foreign bacteria present will be killed. Conclusion There is no significant difference for the effectiveness of commercial mouthwash in inhibiting oral bacteria compared to salt solution of concentration greater than or equal to 0.4moldm-3. Null hypothesis is accepted. Source Evaluation Source 1, 2 and 3 are published books thus the information are reliable. Sources 4 to 8 are journals. They are written by scientists all around the world and these are obtained from Science Direct webpage. Therefore, it is trustable. All the information should be factual and accurate. Source 9 and 16 are websites containing journals as well. Its journals are well-known and most of them are written by famous scientists. Sources 10,11,12,13 and 15 are websites of Wikipedia. Most of the data and information obtained here have citations and they are partially reliable and valid. Source 14 is the official website of Australian Dental Association. The information contained here is mainly about the effect of chlorhexidine. It is very reliable. Therefore, it should not contain any biased points based on arguments made.