Green Architecture Essay -- Environmental Ecology Essays

Green Architecture Green Architecture began with the first Earth Day in 1970, and has grown in popularity as awareness of the earth’s many ecological problems become more wide spread. Professor Rocky Brittain states "I’ve been teaching this subject for twenty years and have watched interest grow. Now I could say there is some element of sustainability taught in just about every architecture school in the country."(Talarico, 1998) Economic factors have also helped the green movement by causing changes in building materials, and technology. This is most notable in changes to heating and cooling systems, and improvements in insulation and window construction which decrease heat loss and therefore decrease heating and cooling costs. Also, "Alternatives including engineered lumber, made from wood chips or strands laminated together have become commonplace†¦[this is a consequence]†¦the rise in wood prices and decline in wood quality due to the lack of properly managed forests." (http: //www.reddown.com/featartll.html.) Not only are these materials more cost efficient, they also often outperform solid wood. Affordability is of vital importance if green architecture is going to become wide spread in a capitalistic economy. Gail Lindsey, chairman of the AIA Committee on the Environment states: "Until recently, being green was something of a luxury, reserved for homeowners who had enough money to buy triple-pane argon-filled glass windows or wool wall-to-wall carpeting. But with the growing availability of less expensive green materials, this is no longer true. Sustainable design is a balancing act, a matter of concentrating the architect’s time and the client’s resources on choices that will do the most good. We’ve learned that a house... ...bie, 1995) In conclusion, the last twenty years have seen quite an improvement in the popularity and use of green architecture. Green architecture continues to grow as society begins to understand the importance of preserving the environment. Technology is improving, lowering the cost and increasing the quality of green building products. Professionals are working to set and implement standards for the quality of green products and buildings. All these factors seem to point to a promising future for green architecture. Works Cited Crosbie, Michael J. "A Maturing Green Architecture". Progressive Architecture.January 95 Talarico, Wendy. "The Nature of Green Architecture". Architectural Record. April 98. Volume 186 Issue 4. Green Architecture In the 21st Century. Residential Environmental Design Featured Article. http://www.reddawnb.com/featart11.html

Perfection According to Mayrs What is Evolution :: What is Evolution Essays Mayr

Perfection According to Mayr's What is Evolution In his book titled What is Evolution, Ernst Mayr bravely attempts to explain the complex biological processes of the development of plants and animals. His book, however, reaches beyond the realm of the science text book. With What is Evolution he attempts to educate an audience which may not have a strong science background but instead a strong literary background. Through this book Mayr strives for "a mid-level account of evolution, written not just for scientists but for the educated public." In short, he attempts to write a (non-fiction) scientific novel. Though his attempt to combine great literature and hard science is admirable he often gets himself into awkward situations when trying to please both the scientific and artistic sensibilities. His major problem in the book surrounds the use of the word "perfect." As a biologist, it may be easy to pass this word off as a synonym of "adaptedness," simply meaning well-suited to one's environment. As a literary-minded person, let al one English major, however, this word cannot slip by so easily. To the novel-reader, more than to the science-reader, this word carries a lot of baggage which cannot be ignored. So, why does Mayr use this word and what is he really trying to say? Does Mayr truly believe that evolution can be perfect? The baggage that gets snared when Mayr uses the word "perfect" in his discussions of evolution is the complicated literary definition given to this word. Exact and flawless are some common synonyms of the word perfect. Perfection is something that has reached the pinnacle, the zenith of existence. Nothing which is perfect needs any alterations, modifications or changes. When something is perfect it exists with ease. It does not struggle to remain where it is, and it does not struggle to remain alive; it works in harmony with its environment. Going beyond the definition, something that is perfect is commonly more highly valued than those things around it which have not yet reached perfection. People place a certain amount of value on things that occur with ease. The human race seems constantly to be striving for something that is faster, cleaner. Something that can achieve these goals with ease earns the title of perfection and is highly. The only problem with perfection, as least in the realm of science, is that once the peak of perfection is reached there is no place towards it can further develop.

Discuss the role and importance of the doctrine of judicial precedent in English legal system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the doctrine?

Introduction The doctrine of judicial precedent is based upon the principle of stare decisis, which means the standing by of previous decisions. This means that when a particular point of law is decided in a case, all future cases containing the same facts and circumstances will be bound by that decision as signified in Donoghue v Stevenson[1] and Grant v Australian Knitting Mills.[2] Whilst the doctrine of judicial precedent helps to maintain the interests of justice, many have argued that it restricts the laws ability to keep abreast with the changes in society and that much restriction thereby exists.[3] Consequently, there are advantages and disadvantages to the doctrine of judicial precedent which will both be discussed in this study. This will be done by firstly considering the role and importance of the doctrine, followed by a review as to its advantages and disadvantages. Once the relevant information has been gathered an analysed, an appropriate conclusion will then be drawn. Role and Importance of the Doctrine of Judicial Precedent The doctrine of judicial precedent is a general principle of common law that is established in a case to help Courts decide upon similar issues in subsequent case law.[4] Judicial precedent is defined in the Oxford Dictionary of Law as a â€Å"judgement or decision of a Court used as an authority for reaching the same decision in subsequent cases.†[5] There are two different kinds of judicial precedent that exist which are; authoritative and persuasive. Authoritative precedent binds all lower Courts, whilst persuasive precedent does not actually have to be followed and is intended to merely persuade the Court into making a particular decision. It is necessary that Courts always follow the judicial precedent doctrine[6] so that any discrepancies’ can be avoided. This will provide greater certainty to the judicial system, which is vital in maintaining the interests of justice.[7] Not all agree that judicial precedent is that effective, however, and have instead argued tha t many of the principles are weak and outdated.[8] This is due to the fact that judicial precedent is ageless and so a decision that was made a long time ago by a Court of Appeal, for instance, will still have to be followed until â€Å"it is distinguished by another Court of Appeal or overturned by the Supreme Court.†[9] Judicial precedent’s that have been set by higher Courts will therefore be binding upon all lower Courts unless the same Court or the Supreme Court has overturned the previous decision as identified in Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd.[10] Therefore, whilst judicial precedent does have some drawbacks, it is still an important part of the judicial system and is necessary in the interests of justice. Advantages There are many advantages to the doctrine of judicial precedent with one of the main advantages being the ability to save time when making a decision on a case.[11] If a Court is already provided with an answer to a problem in which they face, it will not take as much time to reach a reasoned conclusion. This is because the Court will not be required to analyse the case and make a decision as they will already have the answer before them, which is a significant benefit within the judicial process. An example how effective judicial precedent can be is exemplified in the case of Hunter and Others v Canary Wharf Ltd and London Dockland Development Corporation.[12] Here, the Court did not have to form an original precedent was could merely apply a previously established principle to the issue at hand. Another advantage, which has already been mentioned, is the consistency between cases. This strengthens the system and is also likely to reduce crime since those who are aware of the conseq uences will be less likely to commit a criminal offence.[13] Greater fairness is also provided as cases with similar facts will be treated the same. This is of course unless there is some further fact which is material to the decision as the Court will then be capable of reaching a different conclusion.[14] The existence of a judicial precedent may also prevent a Court from making a mistake as guidance will be provided as to how a case ought to be dealt with. Therefore, a judge will be less likely to make a mistake when reaching a conclusion and a decision will be deemed to be a lot stronger. It will make it difficult for a Court’s decision to be contested as there will be case law in place that will back up the Courts decision as shown in Kadhim v Brent London Borough Council.[15] This is important in preserving the integrity of the justice system and maintaining Judges confidence.[16] Injustice will also be prevented as it would certainly be unjust for different outcomes to be reached in two cases with similar facts. This would be unfair and society would most likely lose confidence in the justice system. Judicial precedent also prevents judges from producing prejudicial decisions since a judge will often be bound to follow a previous decision even if he disagrees with it.[17] This is important in ensuring that the rulings of judges remain as consistent as is reasonably possible so as to prevent confusion and unfairness. Another advantage that exists is the ability to develop the law even further. Making law in decided case provides an opportunity for growth and legal development and ensures that the law is able to keep abreast with the continuous advances in society.[18] Courts are able to lay down legal rules and principles a lot quicker than Parliament and because there are constant societal and technological advances, it is necessary that new legal rules and principles can be established more conveniently. The doctrine of judicial precedent can also be flexible in that judges are able to make decisions on a case by case basis according to the individual facts and circumstances.[19] However, this flexibility is restricted by the judges obligations to follow previously decided cases. Because there is a centralised legal system, it is much easier for judges to follow.[20] This is especially so in the UK were there are only a small number of Courts. Arguably, there are many advantages to the doctrine of judicial precedent, yet is unclear whether these outweigh the disadvantages which will be discussed in the next section. Disadvantages Whilst there are many advantages to having a doctrine of judicial precedent in the, it often said that the doctrine introduces unnecessary restrictions into the law.[21] Because of the fast pace at which society advances, it is necessary for the law to keep abreast with any changes that are made. However, the existence of judicial precedent often prevents judges from developing legal doctrine in accordance with societal developments.[22] This demonstrates how the judicial system is somewhat outmoded as reliance upon date case law decisions will be made. This may not be appropriate in modern society and it seems as though further advancements may need to be made. This has a negative impact upon the role of judicial precedent and highlights the complexity of the system. This is because a certain area of the law may have developed over time, yet judicial decisions may not reflect the changes that have been made. Another disadvantage is that the volume of cases may result in too many precedents, causing confusion.[23] Because there are significant amount of case law decisions, it can be extremely difficult and time consuming to understand the law. It has also been put forward that judges may look for reasons not to follow a decision and therefore produce an illogical decision.[24] This can have dangerous consequences and is not what the doctrine intended. Judicial precedent may also cause injustice as the overruling of an earlier case may spark outrage if individuals have conducted their affairs in accordance with a decision.[25] This weakens the importance of the judicial precedent doctrine and seems to counteract its original objectives. Since the Human Rights Act 1998 was enacted, the doctrine of judicial precedent has in fact been weakened. This is because legal rules and principles must be read and given effect in a way that is compatible with the rights that are contained under the European Convention of Human Rights 1951. Any legal rules or principles that appear to conflict with such rights must therefore be amended to ensure adequate protections are being provided to individual human rights.[26] This has a significant impact upon the judicial precedent doctrine since lower courts may be able to overturn previous decisions if it can be shown that they are incompatible with the rights under Convention. As noted by Betten; â€Å"when confronted with the Convention, British judges will in many respects have to put themselves into a different interpretative frame of mind.†[27] This was recently exemplified by the case of Culnane v Morris & Anor[28] when Eady J had to consider the effect section 10 of the Def amation Act 1952 had upon the rights contained under the Convention. Under the judicial precedent doctrine the Court would have been required to follow the decision in Plummer v Charman.[29] However, because the decision in Plummer was incompatible with the Convention rights, Eady J was capable of side-stepping the decision. Therefore, it could be said that judicial precedent is not effective in cases concerning human rights. Subsequent to the enactment of the HRA, it therefore seems as though the judicial precedent doctrine is largely being undermined since the judiciary are no longer required to follow previous decisions if they are incompatible with the Convention. It could be said that the doctrine is no longer important since the Court in Miller v Bull[30] departed from the decision in Ahmed v Kennedy[31] regardless of the fact that the Ahmed decision was made subsequent to the HRA’s enactment. In has been suggested in view of these cases that a â€Å"gaping hole in the precedent wall†[32] exists as â€Å"new human rights points can be taken at whatever level they first arise, notwithstanding previous cases which would otherwise be binding.†[33] Consequently, it evident that judicial precedent will not always be followed if it can be shown a decision is incompatible with Convention rights. This has also been recognised by Zander who put forward that; â€Å"under the Human Rights Act 1998, the operation if the doctrine of precedent may be set aside.†[34] Therefore, Courts may be free not to follow the decisions of higher courts. This will only be applicable in cases concerning human rights and so the judicial precedent doctrine will still be upheld in the majority of instances. Furthermore, once a human rights issue has been recognised subsequent Courts will then be required to follow the position that has been taken. This re-instates the judicial precedent doctrine further and maintains consistency in the judicial system.[35] As identified by Fafinski and Finch; â€Å"section 2 of the HRA requires future courts to take into account any previous decisions of the ECHR.†[36] These decisions will not, however, be formally binding, though they will be highly persuasive. In effect, any human rights issues that have been dealt with will be subject to the precedent doctrine. In general, Courts will be required to follow any the jurisprudence of the ECHR, provides that it is clear and consistent yet â€Å"it should never be suggested that a court is bound by Strasbourg decisions.†[37] It could be said that the precedent doctrine was essentially put on hold when the HRA was enacted to enable the Courts to deal with human rights issues effectively. Howe ver, the doctrine is now being restored as human rights decisions are being made post HRA. Arguably, whilst the HRA had a significant impact upon the judicial understanding of judicial precedent the underlying features of the doctrine remain unchanged and it is only a matter of time before all human rights issues have been dealt with by the Courts and the doctrine is fully restored. Conclusion The doctrine of judicial precedent primarily assists Courts when making decisions via previously decided case law. This certifies that certainty and consistency is being provided within the judicial system and enables a speedier judicial process to be effectuated. Greater fairness also exists as cases with similar facts will be treated the same, which prevents any injustice from occurring. Legal rules and principles can also be developed under this process and a more flexible judicial system is established. On the other hand, there are many inherent drawbacks that exist under the doctrine, such as the unnecessary restrictions that are placed upon judges to follow previous decisions. This could prevent the law from keeping up-to-date with advances in society as many of the principles may be somewhat outmoded. Furthermore, it may also be time-consuming and difficult to understand the law as a result of the amount of cases that exist. Since the HRA was enacted, the doctrine of judicial precedent also appears to have been weakened, yet as new case law decisions are established, the doctrine will in fact be restored. This is essential given the importance of judicial precedence and although there are many disadvantages, these appear to be outweighed by the advantages. Bibliography Books C Duxbury. The Nature and Authority of Precedent, (Cambridge University Press, 2008). D Gray. Public Services, (Heinemann: London, 2004). E Reichert. Challenges in Human Rights, (Columbia University Press: London, 2007). J Ashcroft and J Ashcroft. Cengage Advantage Books: Law for Business, (Cengage Learning: United States, 2010). J Martin. Key Facts English Legal System, (Routledge: London, 2014) J O’Riordan. AS Law for AQA, (Heinemann: Oxford, 2002). L Betten. The Human Rights Act 1998: What it Means: The Incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into the Legal Order of the UK, (Martinus Nijoff Publishers, 1999). M Charman. B Vanstone and L Sherratt. AS Law, (Routledge: Oxon, 2012). M Zander. The Law-Making Process, (6th edn, Cambridge University Press, 2004). P Plowden and K Kerrigan. Advocay and Human Rights: Using the Convention in Courts and Tribunals, (Routledge, 2002). S Fafinksi and E Finch. English Legal System, (2nd edn, Pearson Education, 2009). Oxford. Oxford Dictionary of Law, (6th edn OUP Oxford, 2006). Journals D Lock. ‘Public/Human Rights: Unconventional?’ (2009) 159 New Law Journal 1727, Issue 7397. Halsbury’s Laws of England., ‘Paragraph 21 Power to Determine Ambit of Own Authority’ Lexis Nexis. Halsbury’s Laws of England. Paragraph 1460, Human Rights. Lexis Nexis. J T Loughran. ‘Some Reflections on the Role of Judicial Precedent’ Fordham Law Review, Volume 22, Issue 1, 274-320. Sixth Form Law. ‘Advantages and Disadvantages of the Doctrine of Judicial Precedent’ [Accessed 27 April, 2014]. Cases Ahmed v Kennedy [2002] EWHC Civ 1793 Culnane v Morris & Anor [2006] EWHC 2438 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Grant v Australian Knitting Mills [1936] AC 85 Hunter and Others v Canary Wharf Ltd and London Dockland Development Corporation [1997] UKHL 14 Kadhim v Brent London Borough Council Miller v Bull [2009] EWHC 2640 (QB) Plummer v Charman [1962] 1 WLR 1469 Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd [1944] KB 718 CA

Reading Entertainment Books Is a Waste of Time

Some parents believe that reading entertainment books is a waste of time for children, they should only read educational books. What is your opinion? Give your reasons and include your own or relative experience. It is recently asserted that instead of reading entertainment books, children should only read the educational books due to entertainment books waste children time, it is my personal belief that this assertion is built on the weak ground. There have following reasons for my opinion. One very strong argument is that entertainment book is better for children to acknowledge learning. or one thing, entertainment book will carry more information which not only include traditional educational, but also have more other essential acknowledge, such as imagination, Independent Thinking, a study carried out in more than 1000 school covering 1500 children between 7 to 15 years old show that educational book is mainly focus on examination and passively receiving â€Å"knowledge†, it is unbelievable if our children just receive education passively, they have not any idea about fresh thing in this world, more important, children need more opportunity to choice different book type, in other word, every people need receive a variety of acknowledge if they want to growth healthy in childhood, it is no doubt that single educational book can't fulfill the requirement of children. Another factor we have to consider is that children read entertainment books is beneficial to family, on the one hand, absolutely it is sweet time when parent company with children to read entertainment until children sleep, it is believe that children will have more strong safe feel when they are adult. On another hand, entertainment book will give more communication topics that will help to parent cross the gap between children. take me as an example, I am used to read my son's entertainment books due to some internet word or sentence I need learn from these books, thus my son think his father is same kind guy because we have same language and we have good communication result based on entertainment book, it is impossible if we just talk about educational book. in conclusion, children should read some entertainment books due to it is not waste time, instead, it have positive influence on children growth and family building.

Alverson, Quinton Essays (2083 words) - Military History By Country

Alverson, Quinton 4/27 /2016 English 201 USA's Consequences and involvement on Vietnam The United States has always been credited as being one of the most dominant/ independent nations since our founding fathers declared their independence in 1775. Other nations plead for our dependence to justify their government s , boost insufficient economies, compel tranquility, and m uch more. Foremo st, these actions are all possible due to the striving success our country has with its strategic warfare. Witho ut it, the helping hand our country serves today would have never been foresee n. Why? The leading role of our nation arises from the involvement of the United States in previous wars. Whether it being The Revolution, WWI, WWII, The Cold Waretc. All t hese events have earned us our respect , and we've withheld this credibi lity from the protection/influence we provide against other nation's foreign affairs . Although our guidance remains , the question of the United States involvement with the war in Vie tnam confuses many Americans then, and now as to why it seemed necessary . Originally, the United States thought the issue would be resolved in no time, but the brutal outcome stated otherwise with it being the longe st war America has ever seen. Even though we will never fully comprehend our intentions in Vietnam, the following will explain why it should have never taken place. Vietnam was originally governed by the French until Japan overruled this region during WWII. Once the atomic bombs were dropped on Japan leading to their surrender in 1945, Vietnam felt that it was safe to declare their independence (Bacevich) . Some areas were still colonized by Japan and France following this declaration, but when a man named Ho Chi Minh, a former revolutionary leader, relocated back to Vietnam, he sought help to completely reform all their taken land. Ho Chi Minh begged the United States to ass ist in his reformation and help spread his communistic government, but after the Cold War between America and the Soviet Union, an agr eement passed to restrict any spread of communism, so Minh's request was ignored. The French continued to occupy regions in Vietnam, fighting off Ho Chi Minh's soldiers called "The Viet Minh." When the " domino theory " was published stating that once one South Asian government fell to communism, ma ny more would follow ; the United States feared this possibility and begin aiding the French against Ho Chi Minh's army. At the Geneva Conference in 1954, The United Nations came together to find a way for the French to back out of the dispute, but America feared North Vietnam (Where Ho Chi Minh ruled) would completely unite the South into one communistic country. When the "Viet Cong" (South Vietnamese who supported communism) begin attacking southern Vietnamese who were anti-communist, the United States sent in troops for support. The original plan was to aid South Vietnam to fight off the Viet Cong in order to establish a justifiable government and then we would leave, but North Vietnam and the Viet Cong was too much against the little help we sent over. It wasn't until two US ships were supposedly fired upon in the Gulf of Tonkin (Water surrounding the southern coast of Vietnam) when the United States took it as an act of war ( Shally -Jenson) . I say suppos edly because many believe that we feared the spread of communism so much to where we lied about the missiles and declared war anyway. At the time, citizens of the US favored the call of war due to the previous tension we had with the Soviet Union, but as the war progressed , their cheers changed to riots. America entered a war far underestimating their enemy's potential. We ignored the fact that we were fighting on our opponent's home land, deliberately thinking our technology would play an upp er hand . What we did not know is that a large major ity of Vietnam is surfaced by jungle, and struggled to locate our enemy's whereabouts . The Vietnamese understood the advantage they had in their homeland, using tactics like unexpected ambushes, hidden booby traps, and very complex tunnel ways that allowed evasion

No Child Left Behind and the Effects on Children with Special Needs Research Proposal

No Child Left Behind and the Effects on Children with Special Needs - Research Proposal Example No Child Left Behind makes it compulsory that the schools across the United should track the improvement and progress of all children with special education needs and students whose first language is not English. The Act advocates the schools to devise strategies so that such students attain similar score as their peers by the year 2014 (Harper, 2005). No Child Left behind Act advocates space and provisions for students with special education needs because not all children who are limited in English proficiency and have some kind of learning disability have the capability to take tests that are similar to those of other students in their standard. The allowances comprise of one-on-one testing periods, expanded test sessions, test booklets with large fonts, helping students to structure their answers and sign language translators (George & Margaret, 2007). The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) has advantages for the students with special needs or learning disabilities but it als o includes certain barriers that might prevent these students from exercising all of the opportunities stated in the law (Cortiella, 2010). In the lieu of this paper we will be discussing the impact of NCLB on such students and assess its usefulness for children that require extra attention due to any kind of learning disability. This stipulation in the act helps the school administration; lawmakers, parents and the Education Department assess the improvement in the progress of students who are usually left behind in better academic attainment. NCLB with all its apparent advantages has initiated heated debates over the efficacy of standardized tests for the two groups that are the normal students and the students with special needs, and... This essay stresses that according to the review of literature on the topic, it has been highlighted that the NCLB Act has immensely affected students with special needs. The motivation that is provided for the low-performing students has decreased the level of expectations instead of increasing it. This is so because of the fact that the reaction of the law when the school fails to make adequate progress is not just providing extra help for students but also punishing the school. This report makes a conclusion that NCLB aims at reducing racial and class discrepancies in academic performance through establishing common expectation for all students. The Act also requires that the schools to pay consideration to academic performance of the underprivileged students; students with special requirements, students from low income groups as well as students of different ethnicities. Conventional systems that were employed by the states considered only the mean school performance. This allowed the schools to be rated highly even in cases where there ware broad achievement discrepancies between underprivileged and privileged students. Extensive research in this area of acceleration shows that it is an effective and low cost educational intervention for students with high abilities. 18 types of accelerations have been identified. Dual credit programs, ability grouping, Advanced Placement, and International Baccalaureate are some other posted suggestions for meeting the n eeds of the gifted students.

Medal east Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medal east - Assignment Example Ataturk aims included; the onerous treaty of serves in 1920s which served as a legal framework imposed by the republicans as well as sovereign power overlooked by the grand national assembly, the reformist, republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism and economic development. The principles initiated were fundamental and contained unchanging aims that were guided by republic’s interests. The principles were vested as sovereignty of Turkish statehood and involved particulars of nationalism and universalism. This was a big order for a young country. Ataturk also established constitutional amendments in Turkey that have made it accepted into the European Union. These amendments include the abolishment of death penalty and allowed broadcasting in the Kurdish. Wives, women, and feminism characters have a right to seek employment without their husbands’ permission and bringing to end the practice of high school test for girl’s virginity as well as the removal of crim es that involved anti-state comments. Secularist reforms were set out and they led to the abolishment of Caliphate laws as well as religious law courts and codes that they had implemented. Ataturk brought to existence the procedures that influenced directly the Islamic Shari’a. ... Turkey and Israel agreed to signed an agreement on tourism such that nationalist from the two countries could visit without restrictions. This increased the social bond between Turkey and Israel. The two also made military agreements whereby training arrangements were conducted by Israel. In this agreement, Turkish military men were trained in Israel. Turkey imported missiles from Israel, therefore, increasing the economic status and political standards. Turkey invited Israel for a contract to upgrade Turkish fighter jets, a contract that required six hundred and thirty two million dollars. Turkey conducted a military maneuvers with Israel and the US since Israel became a state. The economic, social, and cultural shares between Turkey and Israel as well as US helped it to sustain its people. In fact, it is the interaction between Turkish government and the US government can be seen when Turkey allowed US to use her airports to fly bombing raids on Iraq in the gulf war. These characte ristics have helped Turkish government to rebuild and project a highly commercial and economic sustainability. Question # 3 Jordan faces a number of challenges despite being a popular monarchy where the king speaks with the voice of moderation. These challenges result from lack of water where aquifers scarce or are rarely found, rainfall is below five milliliters and scarcity of oil wealth like other regions around it. These issues bring poverty into Jordan that she cannot pay for desalinization of plants, an agricultural degrading phenomenon in which farmers have to use irrigation systems particularly drip irrigation that would rather save the scarce water. Unfortunately, plans with Syria for a dam on the Yarmuk